396. We have already learnt that every sentence consists
of two parts :
1). The Subject : The Subject denotes the person or thing about which is
something is said.
2). The Predicate : The Predicate is what is said about the Subject.
397. @) A Simple Sentence is one which contains only one Subject and one Predicate.
@) The Subject must contain a Noun or a Pronoun and the Predicate must contain
a verb.
@) Sometimes the Subject is omitted and then you may get one-word sentences.
*) Halt! Who goes there ?
*) Listen ! You can't please everybody.
*) Wait ! You will soon hear from her.
*) Then there are sentences of two words--- just a Noun and an Intransitive Verb :
1) Birds fly 3) Fire burns.
2) Dogs bark. 4) Time flies.
But all sentences do not consist of two words alone.There are usually more than
two words in a sentence.
It will be noticed that the Subject may consist of one word or several words.
Thus, in sentence
(1), the Subject consists of one word, i.e., the Noun hens;
(5) it consists of four words of which the most important word is the Noun Queen.
The main word in the subject ( e.g., Hens, mother, stone, things, Queen ) is called
the Subject-word or Simple Subject.
1. The Subject
398. The Subject of a Sentence is always a Noun, or some word or words doing
the work of a Noun. Thus the Subject may be :--
1. A Noun : Birds fly in the air.
2. A Pronoun : He is the pillar of his country.
3. An Adjective used as a Noun : The righteous shall prosper.
4. A Noun-Infinitive : To err is human
5. A Gerund or Verbal Noun : Swimming is a good exercise.
6. A Phrase : Well begun is half done.
(*) Enlargement or Attribute (*)
399. The Subject-word is often qualified by an Adjective, or some word or
words having the limiting force of an Adjective which is called its
Enlargement or Attribute ; as,
1. An Adjective : An honest man is liked by all.
2. A Noun or Pronoun in Apposition : William, the Conqueror, ascended the
throne. The King himself was present.
3. A Noun in the Possessive Case or a Possessive Adjective : My brother's
book is lost. Her lips began to burn.
4. A Preposition with its Object : A man of virtue (= a virtuous man) will
never tell a lie.
5. A Participle or Verbal Adjectives : Barking dogs seldom bite.
6. A Gerundial Infinitive : A desire to please wins friends.
7. An Adjective Phrase : A judge, cruel in his conduct, is desired.
8. Prepositional Phrase : Birds of the same feather flock together.
2. The Predicate
400). The Predicate consists of a word or words by which something is said about
the Subject.
*) When the Predicate consists of only one word, the word is always a Verb,
because we cannot say anything without a Verb.
*) When the Predicate consists of several words, the chief word in it always
a Verb.
401. Extension or Adverbial Qualification. Just as the Subject word may be qualified
by an Adjective or a word or group of words doing the work of an Adjective, the
Verb in the Predicate may be enlarged, extended, or modified by an Adverb or
any word or words doing the work of an Adverb. Such words or phrases are
called its Extension or Adverbial Qualification; as,
1. An Adverb : The soldiers fought bravely.
2. An Adverbial Phrase : They walked side by side.
3. A Participle : He went away broken and disappointed. They went away smiling.
4. Gerundial Infinitive : They all stopped to stare.
5. A Preposition with Object : she spoke in a passion.
6. An Adverbial Object : He walked a mile . He wept all day.
7. An Absolute Phrase : The sun having set , we returned home.
3. The Object
402 Sometimes the Verb in the Predicate is a Transitive Verb, that is, a Verb which
requires an Object to complete its sense.
(*) Example :- if i Say, "John broke " I do not make complete sense.
You want to know what John broke.But the sentence
" John broke a slate " is complete. In other words, the Verb
broke requires an Object , a slate, to complete the sense.
403. The Object-word, like the Subject-word,is a Noun or some word or words doing the
work of a Noun. Thus,the Object-word in a Simple Sentence may be :-
1. A Noun : Birds build nests.
2. A pronoun : All know her.
3. An Adjective used as a Noun : We should help the poor.
4. An Infinitive : Learn to labor.
5. A Gerund : Diana loves dancing.
6. A Phrase : The Minister promised to look into the matter.
404. Enlargement or Attribute of the Object. The Object-word may have an Attribute
like the Subject-word;as,
1. An Adjective : The King caught a large tiger.
2. A Noun or Pronoun in Apposition : I know Maria, your sister.
3. A Noun in the Possessive Case or a Possessive Adjective : Harry lost Barry's
books.She lost her watch.
4. A Prepositional Phrase : I met the master of the show.
5. A Participle : I heard her singing.
6. An Infinitive : Mohan has a house to let
7. A Participal Phrase : I saw her walking in the garden.
8. An Infinitive Phrase : He told Sita the course to be followed by her.
of two parts :
1). The Subject : The Subject denotes the person or thing about which is
something is said.
2). The Predicate : The Predicate is what is said about the Subject.
397. @) A Simple Sentence is one which contains only one Subject and one Predicate.
@) The Subject must contain a Noun or a Pronoun and the Predicate must contain
a verb.
@) Sometimes the Subject is omitted and then you may get one-word sentences.
*) Halt! Who goes there ?
*) Listen ! You can't please everybody.
*) Wait ! You will soon hear from her.
*) Then there are sentences of two words--- just a Noun and an Intransitive Verb :
1) Birds fly 3) Fire burns.
2) Dogs bark. 4) Time flies.
But all sentences do not consist of two words alone.There are usually more than
two words in a sentence.
Thus, in sentence
(1), the Subject consists of one word, i.e., the Noun hens;
(5) it consists of four words of which the most important word is the Noun Queen.
The main word in the subject ( e.g., Hens, mother, stone, things, Queen ) is called
the Subject-word or Simple Subject.
1. The Subject
398. The Subject of a Sentence is always a Noun, or some word or words doing
the work of a Noun. Thus the Subject may be :--
1. A Noun : Birds fly in the air.
2. A Pronoun : He is the pillar of his country.
3. An Adjective used as a Noun : The righteous shall prosper.
4. A Noun-Infinitive : To err is human
5. A Gerund or Verbal Noun : Swimming is a good exercise.
6. A Phrase : Well begun is half done.
(*) Enlargement or Attribute (*)
399. The Subject-word is often qualified by an Adjective, or some word or
words having the limiting force of an Adjective which is called its
Enlargement or Attribute ; as,
1. An Adjective : An honest man is liked by all.
2. A Noun or Pronoun in Apposition : William, the Conqueror, ascended the
throne. The King himself was present.
3. A Noun in the Possessive Case or a Possessive Adjective : My brother's
book is lost. Her lips began to burn.
4. A Preposition with its Object : A man of virtue (= a virtuous man) will
never tell a lie.
5. A Participle or Verbal Adjectives : Barking dogs seldom bite.
6. A Gerundial Infinitive : A desire to please wins friends.
7. An Adjective Phrase : A judge, cruel in his conduct, is desired.
8. Prepositional Phrase : Birds of the same feather flock together.
2. The Predicate
400). The Predicate consists of a word or words by which something is said about
the Subject.
*) When the Predicate consists of only one word, the word is always a Verb,
because we cannot say anything without a Verb.
*) When the Predicate consists of several words, the chief word in it always
a Verb.
401. Extension or Adverbial Qualification. Just as the Subject word may be qualified
by an Adjective or a word or group of words doing the work of an Adjective, the
Verb in the Predicate may be enlarged, extended, or modified by an Adverb or
any word or words doing the work of an Adverb. Such words or phrases are
called its Extension or Adverbial Qualification; as,
1. An Adverb : The soldiers fought bravely.
2. An Adverbial Phrase : They walked side by side.
3. A Participle : He went away broken and disappointed. They went away smiling.
4. Gerundial Infinitive : They all stopped to stare.
5. A Preposition with Object : she spoke in a passion.
6. An Adverbial Object : He walked a mile . He wept all day.
7. An Absolute Phrase : The sun having set , we returned home.
3. The Object
402 Sometimes the Verb in the Predicate is a Transitive Verb, that is, a Verb which
requires an Object to complete its sense.
(*) Example :- if i Say, "John broke " I do not make complete sense.
You want to know what John broke.But the sentence
" John broke a slate " is complete. In other words, the Verb
broke requires an Object , a slate, to complete the sense.
403. The Object-word, like the Subject-word,is a Noun or some word or words doing the
work of a Noun. Thus,the Object-word in a Simple Sentence may be :-
1. A Noun : Birds build nests.
2. A pronoun : All know her.
3. An Adjective used as a Noun : We should help the poor.
4. An Infinitive : Learn to labor.
5. A Gerund : Diana loves dancing.
6. A Phrase : The Minister promised to look into the matter.
404. Enlargement or Attribute of the Object. The Object-word may have an Attribute
like the Subject-word;as,
1. An Adjective : The King caught a large tiger.
2. A Noun or Pronoun in Apposition : I know Maria, your sister.
3. A Noun in the Possessive Case or a Possessive Adjective : Harry lost Barry's
books.She lost her watch.
4. A Prepositional Phrase : I met the master of the show.
5. A Participle : I heard her singing.
6. An Infinitive : Mohan has a house to let
7. A Participal Phrase : I saw her walking in the garden.
8. An Infinitive Phrase : He told Sita the course to be followed by her.
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