1. ADVERB CLAUSES
418. Study the groups of words in italics in the following sentences :--
1. They started at dawn. [ Started when?]
2. They started when morning came. [Started when?]
(*) In sentence 1, the group of words in italics, at dawn, does the work of an Adverb
and it's called an Adverb Phrase. It tells us when the action was done.
(*) In sentence 2, the group of words in italics, when morning came,also modifies the
Verb started and so does the work of an Adverb.But it is not an Adverb Phrase.
It has a Subject ( morning ) and a Predicate ( came when ). So it is a Clause, and
since it does the work of an Adverb, it is called an Adverb Clause.
419. Study the following sentences :---
1). On her return to US we asked her many questions.
2). When she returned to US we asked her many questions.
(*) We notice that the Adverb Phrase, on her return to US, is equivalent in meaning
to the Adverb Clause, when she returned to US, and can therefore be replaced
by it.
2. Adjective Clauses
420). Study the groups of words in italics in the following sentences :-
1). The table with a broken leg is Mohan's. [ Which table?]
2). The table which has a broken leg is Mohan's. [ Which table?]
(*) The first group of words, with a broken leg, describes the table ; that is, it
qualifies the Noun table, and does the work of an Adjective. It is what we call an
Adjective Phrase.
(*) The second group of words, which has a broken leg, also describes the table, and
so does the work of an Adjective. But since it has a Subject and a Predicate of its
own, it is an Adjective Clause.
421). Read the following sentences :--
1). A man of courage is respected everywhere.
2). A man who is courageous is respected everywhere.
(*) Here the Adjective Phrase of courage is equivalent in meaning to the Adjective
Clause, who is courageous, and can therefore be replaced by it.
3. Noun Clauses
422. Study the groups of words in italics in the following sentences :---
1). They expected to win the match. [ Expected what ?]
2). They expected that they would win the match. [ Expected what ?]
(*) The first group of words, to win the match , is the Object of the Verb expected.
It therefore does the work of a Noun, and since it has no Subject and no Predicate
of its own, it is a Noun Phrase.
(*) The second group of words, that they would win the match, is also the Object of the
Verb expected and so does the work of a Noun. But as it has a Subject and a
Predicate of its own, it is called a Noun Clause.
423. Examine the following sentences :--
1). He hopes to win the first prize.
2). He hopes that he will win the first prize.
(*) In these sentences, the Noun Phrase, to win the first prize, is equivalent in meaning
to the Noun Clause, that he will win the first prize, and can therefore be replaced
by it.
418. Study the groups of words in italics in the following sentences :--
1. They started at dawn. [ Started when?]
2. They started when morning came. [Started when?]
(*) In sentence 1, the group of words in italics, at dawn, does the work of an Adverb
and it's called an Adverb Phrase. It tells us when the action was done.
(*) In sentence 2, the group of words in italics, when morning came,also modifies the
Verb started and so does the work of an Adverb.But it is not an Adverb Phrase.
It has a Subject ( morning ) and a Predicate ( came when ). So it is a Clause, and
since it does the work of an Adverb, it is called an Adverb Clause.
419. Study the following sentences :---
1). On her return to US we asked her many questions.
2). When she returned to US we asked her many questions.
(*) We notice that the Adverb Phrase, on her return to US, is equivalent in meaning
to the Adverb Clause, when she returned to US, and can therefore be replaced
by it.
2. Adjective Clauses
420). Study the groups of words in italics in the following sentences :-
1). The table with a broken leg is Mohan's. [ Which table?]
2). The table which has a broken leg is Mohan's. [ Which table?]
(*) The first group of words, with a broken leg, describes the table ; that is, it
qualifies the Noun table, and does the work of an Adjective. It is what we call an
Adjective Phrase.
(*) The second group of words, which has a broken leg, also describes the table, and
so does the work of an Adjective. But since it has a Subject and a Predicate of its
own, it is an Adjective Clause.
421). Read the following sentences :--
1). A man of courage is respected everywhere.
2). A man who is courageous is respected everywhere.
(*) Here the Adjective Phrase of courage is equivalent in meaning to the Adjective
Clause, who is courageous, and can therefore be replaced by it.
3. Noun Clauses
422. Study the groups of words in italics in the following sentences :---
1). They expected to win the match. [ Expected what ?]
2). They expected that they would win the match. [ Expected what ?]
(*) The first group of words, to win the match , is the Object of the Verb expected.
It therefore does the work of a Noun, and since it has no Subject and no Predicate
of its own, it is a Noun Phrase.
(*) The second group of words, that they would win the match, is also the Object of the
Verb expected and so does the work of a Noun. But as it has a Subject and a
Predicate of its own, it is called a Noun Clause.
423. Examine the following sentences :--
1). He hopes to win the first prize.
2). He hopes that he will win the first prize.
(*) In these sentences, the Noun Phrase, to win the first prize, is equivalent in meaning
to the Noun Clause, that he will win the first prize, and can therefore be replaced
by it.
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