CHAPTER-30
323. Read the following sentences :--
>) His book is on the table.
Here the word on has two functions :--
1. It joins the words book and table.
2. It indicates the relationship between the book and the table, i.e., it denotes
the position of the book with reference to the table.
Such a word is called a Preposition.
>) A Preposition is a word placed before a Noun (or Pronoun) to show in what
relation the person or thing denoted by the Noun stands to something else.
324. A Preposition is generally placed before the Noun or Pronoun it governs,
but sometimes it comes after the word it governs.
(1) When the Object is the Relative Pronoun that,the Preposition is always
placed at the end;as,
>) This is the picture that you were looking at.
>) This is the pen that she was searching for.
(2) When the Object is an Interrogative Pronoun,the Preposition is often
placed at the end;as,
>) Whom are you talking about?
>) What are they looking at?
(3) When the Object is a relative Pronoun understood,the Preposition comes
at the end;as,
>) Here is the man (whom) you spoke of.
>) This is the boy(whom) she was speaking of.
*) SPECIAL USES OF SOME PREPOSITION
325. At,in.Note their following two uses :--
(1) With reference to time.at is used for a point of time;in for a period of time
in which something happens;as,
>) He came at daybreak (or at sunset).
>) At an early hour this morning the Hall was full of noise.
>) In this month (year,season) many famous men died.
>) He was born in 1910.
>) He will start at five o'clock in the morning.
(2) With reference to space,at is used for small and less important places ,
villages and small towns;in is used for large places,countries and large
towns;as,
>) He lives at Rampur. He lives at Mehrauli.
>) He lives in Delhi ,Bombay,Calcutta,Madras.
>) he lives at Panaji in Goa.
>) I met him at Kurukshetra in Haryana.
326. By,with.By is used after verbs in the Passive to express the agents or doer
of the action expressed by the Verb.With is used with the instrument with
which the action is done.
>) The farmer was killed by a robber with a knife.
>) The essay was written by me with a fountain pen.
>) The tree was cut by the man with an axe.
327. On,upon.On is often used in speaking of things at rest;
upon is generally used in speaking of things in motion;
as,
>) We sat on the ground.
>) The cat sprang upon the table.
328. In,Into.In implies a state of rest or position inside anything ;while into denotes
motion towards the inside of anything;as,
>) He is in his room.He is in the class. (Rest)
>) He fell into the river. (Motion)
>) He jumped into the well. (motion)
329. In ,within.In denotes 'at the end of some future period';within means
'before the end of';as,
>) He will return in[=at the close of] a week.
>) He will return within [=in less than] a week.
330. After,in.After is used to dentote at the end of a period of time in the past;
while in is used to denote at the end of a period of time in the future;as,
>) She came after a week[=when the week was over]. (Past)
>) She wil come in a week [=when the week is over]. (future)
331. Since,for.Since is used to denote a point of time in the past;for is used to
denote a period of time in the present ,past or future;as,
>) He has been sleeping since 6 o'clock.(Point)
>) He has been sleeping for the last four hours.(Period)
NOTE:--We cannot say---'He has been sleeping since four hours'.
332.*) Since,from. Since is used to denote a point of time and comes after a Verb
in the Present Perfect Tense,while from may be used with any form of tense.
*)Another difference is that since can be used only in reference to past time,
whereas from can be used also for present and future time.
>) I have not met her since last week.
>) He has been ill since Friday last.
>) I have been unwell since Monday.
>) He began learning Sanskrit from the age of five.(Past)
>) He begins school from today.(Present)
>) He will become a regular student from tomorrow.(Future)
333. Before,for.Before is used in Negative and Affirmative sentences alike to
denote a point of future time.For is used with Negative sentences to
denote a period of future time.
>) I shall not be there for (not before) an hour.
>) I shall be there before 6 o'clock. (Affirmative)
>) I shall not be there before 6 o'clock. (Negative)
334. Between,among. Between is used in speaking of two persons or things;
among refers to more than two persons or things;as,
>) He stood between two girls.
>) A quarrel arose between two sisters.
>) Slavery still exists among certain tribes.
>) The brave soldiers quarrelled among themselves.
>) There is said to be honour among thieves.
335. Beside, besides.beside means by the side of;besides means in addition to;as,
>) Sha sat beside me [=by my side].
>) His answer is beside [=outside of] the point.
>) Besides[=in addition to] advising her he helped her with money.
>) Besides being fined,he was imprisoned.
336. Phrase Prepositions.Study the following Phrase Prepositions which are
often used as single Prepositions :--
*) according to *) in addition to *) in place of
*) along with *) on behalf of *) in regard to
*) away from *) in case of *) in spite of
*) because of *) in comparison with *) instead of
*) by dint of *) in compliance with *) in the event of
*) by means of *) in consequence of *) in view of
*) by reason of *) in course of *) on account of
*) by virtue of *) in favour of *) owing to
*) by way of *) in front of *) with a view to
*) for the sake of *) in lieu of *) with an eye to
*) in accordance with *) in order to *) with regard to
>) He will be punished according to the seriousness of his crime.
>) He came along with his sister to meet us.
>) Keep the baby away from the fire.
>) He failed in the examination because of his laziness.
>) He won the first prize by dint of hard work.
>) He escaped by means of a rope.
>) He was excused by reason of his old age.
>) He claimed a pension by virtue of his long military service.
>) By way of introduction,he told a funny tale on the students.
>) We must be patient for the sake of peace.
>) We have acted in accordance with your wishes.
>) He gets an honorarium of Rs. 1,000 per month in addition to pension.
>) He thanked the speaker on behalf of the staff.
>) In case of need,send for the doctor.
>) The tallest buildings in India are small in comparison with the
skyscrapers of New York.
>) We have compromised in compliance with your wishes.
>) In consequence of his illness he could not attend the meeting.
>) In course of time, he saw his mistake.
>) He retired in favour of his son.
>) He fell on his face in front of a car.
>) He accepted a gratuity of Rs. 2,00,000 in lieu of pension.
>) In order to avoid litigation,he accepted Rs. 4,00,000 in full and final
settlement of his claim to property.
>) Shall we have fish in place of meat today?
>) What have you to say in regard to his misbehaviour?
>) He persevered in spite of difficulties.
>) I will go instead of her.
>) In the event of your death,the whole amount of insurance will be paid
to your wife.
>) On account of his negligence,his business failed.
>) Owing to his ill health,he retired from service.
>) He produces a document with a view to proving his innocence.
>) In view of the facts,it seemed useless to continue.
>) With an eye to business,he put up a sign above his stop.
>) With reference to yoru letter,we send you our latest catalogue.
>) WIth regard to his conduct,I have nothing to say.
*) CORRECT USAGE
337. The following sentences illustarte common errors in the use of Prepositions:--
Incorrect :- He is the boy I was looking
Correct :- He is the boy I was looking for.
Incorrect :- They ran in the garden.
Correct :- They ran into the garden.
Incorrect :- He picked up a quarrel with me.
Correct :- He picked a quarrel with me.
Incorrect :- The train stops to pick passengers.
Correct :-The train stops to pick up passengers.
Incorrect :- I ordered for a new watch.
Correct :- I ordered a new watch.
Incorrect :- The sun will not rise before an hour
Correct :- The sun will not rise for an hour.
Incorrect :- I have been ill since ten days.
Correct :- I have been ill for ten days.
Incorrect :- I have not seen her from a long time.
Correct :- I have not seen her for a long time.
Incorrect :- She resembles closely to her mother
Correct :- She resembles her mother closely.
Incorrect :- He went for seeing his parents.
Correct :-He went to see his parents.
Incorrect :- He desires for educating himself.
Correct :- He desires to educate himself.
Incorrect :-. He insisted to do it.
Correct :- He insisted upon doing it.
Incorrect :- A waiter waits for the guests.
Correct :- A waiter waits on the guests.
Incorrect :- We shall wait you.
Correct :- We shall wait for you.
Incorrect :- Compare Mohan's notes to yours.
Correct :- Compare Mohan's notes with yours.
Incorrect :-A beautiful girl can be compared with a rose
Correct :- A beautiful girl can be compared to a rose.
Incorrect :- She parted with her children.
Correct :- She parted from her children.
Incorrect :- It is hard for us to part from money
Correct :- It is hard for us to part with money.
Incorrect :- He killed two birds in one shot.
Correct :- He killed two birds with one shot.
Incorrect :- We searched the lost child everywhere.
Correct :- We searched for the lost child everywhere.
Incorrect :- Please explain me what this means.
Correct :- Please explain to me what this.
Incorrect :- Are you being attended,sir?
Correct :- Are you being attended to,sir?
Incorrect :- Open your book on page 90.
Correct :- Open your book at page 90.
Incorrect :- I left my bedding on the station.
Correct :- I left my bedding at the station.
Incorrect :- What is he talking?
Correct :- What is he talking about?
Exercise 95. Fill up the blanks with suitable Prepositions given in brackets :--
1.( By, with.)
>) He was struck-------his enemies------a heavy stick.The tiger was killed-----
the hunter------a gun.He killed her-----a sword.
2. (At,in.)
>) He lives-----Ramnagar but I often see him-----Calcutta.HE is staying------
Pauri, a small village------Uttar Pradesh.He was born-----Italy-----rome.
The king is passing his summer-----Nainital------Uttar Pradesh.
3. (In,into.)
>) Come------the garden,beloved .She fell-------the river.Let us go and bathe---
the pond.She rushed------the room expecting to find her husband-----it.
4. (Between,among.)
>) The two brothers quarrelled-----themselves.My house lies-----yours and his.
The sea lies-----France and England.Wireless telegraphy is-----the most
remarkable of modern inventions.This custom still exists------certain tribes.
5. (Since,ago,for.)
>) It has been raining------yesterday.----last month the weather has improved.
He came three weeks-------.'A year-----I was not born',said the lamb.He has
lived in Bombay-----many years.I have not seen her-----a long time.I have
been ill ------- last Monday.
6. (Beside,besides.)
>) She came and sat-----me.-----this horse he has two others.I do not want
to go to the cinema;------,it is too late.-----giving medicine,he gave her
food also.Your answer is----the question.He walked-----his father.
7. (Since, from.)
>) I have been here---last April.I have been unwell-----Saturday.He stayed here
-----Sunday to Thursday.He begins work----Tuesday.I have been ill-------last
Monday.He has been working-----Friday.He will begin school--------the
beginning of April.
Exercise 96. Write in brackets the number of the correct Preposition that can be
used in the following :---
1. These three men quarrelled (1. among 2. between) themselves. [ ]
2. (1.Beside 2. Besides) children ,women were present. [ ]
3. Ten scholarships were competed (1.for 2. with 3. about) [ ]
4. He has been studying English (1. for 2. from 3.since) three years.[ ]
5. It has been raining (1. since 2. from 3.for ) three o'clock. [ ]
6. We have lived in Delhi (1.Since 2.from 3.for) ten years. [ ]
7. His name was struck (1.of 2.off 3.from) the rolls. [ ]
8. I have cut my finger(1.by 2.with 3.from) my knife. [ ]
9. I met her (1.at 2.on 3.in) the station. [ ]
10. He will start (1.at 2.on 3.from) six o'clock. [ ]
Exercise 97. Use appropriate Prepositions,given in brackets ,in the following
sentences :--
1. He was placed (betweem,among) two girls.
2. She comes(of,from) a noble family.
3. The soldiers marched(in,into) the courtyard.
4. He was standing(among,between) his subordinates.
5. He is true(to,with) his friends.
6. He was struck(with,by) a stone.
7. I differ(with,from) you on that point.
8. That edition is very different (to,from) the other.
9. He is not suitable(to,for) this post.
10. She was struck (with,by) lightning.
11. I am sick(with,of) idleness.
12. He congratulated me(for,on) my success.
13. Health is preferable(to,than) wealth.
14. Your statement does not correspond (with,to) his.
15. (Beside,Besides) advising us,he gave us money.
16. The train is(behind,after) time.
17. He is not (at,in) home just now.
18. Distribute te mangoes(among,between) the students.
19. Do not translate word (by,for) word.
20. (From,of) what family is she sprung?
21. What is the time (in,by) your watch?
22. Your method is different(than,from) mine.
23. I have no use(of,for) it.
24. They are very proud (of,about) their wealth.
25. The train is(in,on) time.
26. We had to write the paper(in,with) ink.
27. Open your book(at,on) page twelve.
28. We must inquire(into,about) the matter.
29. Someone is knocking (at,on) the door.
30. He is married(to,with) his cousin.
323. Read the following sentences :--
>) His book is on the table.
Here the word on has two functions :--
1. It joins the words book and table.
2. It indicates the relationship between the book and the table, i.e., it denotes
the position of the book with reference to the table.
Such a word is called a Preposition.
>) A Preposition is a word placed before a Noun (or Pronoun) to show in what
relation the person or thing denoted by the Noun stands to something else.
324. A Preposition is generally placed before the Noun or Pronoun it governs,
but sometimes it comes after the word it governs.
(1) When the Object is the Relative Pronoun that,the Preposition is always
placed at the end;as,
>) This is the picture that you were looking at.
>) This is the pen that she was searching for.
(2) When the Object is an Interrogative Pronoun,the Preposition is often
placed at the end;as,
>) Whom are you talking about?
>) What are they looking at?
(3) When the Object is a relative Pronoun understood,the Preposition comes
at the end;as,
>) Here is the man (whom) you spoke of.
>) This is the boy(whom) she was speaking of.
*) SPECIAL USES OF SOME PREPOSITION
325. At,in.Note their following two uses :--
(1) With reference to time.at is used for a point of time;in for a period of time
in which something happens;as,
>) He came at daybreak (or at sunset).
>) At an early hour this morning the Hall was full of noise.
>) In this month (year,season) many famous men died.
>) He was born in 1910.
>) He will start at five o'clock in the morning.
(2) With reference to space,at is used for small and less important places ,
villages and small towns;in is used for large places,countries and large
towns;as,
>) He lives at Rampur. He lives at Mehrauli.
>) He lives in Delhi ,Bombay,Calcutta,Madras.
>) he lives at Panaji in Goa.
>) I met him at Kurukshetra in Haryana.
326. By,with.By is used after verbs in the Passive to express the agents or doer
of the action expressed by the Verb.With is used with the instrument with
which the action is done.
>) The farmer was killed by a robber with a knife.
>) The essay was written by me with a fountain pen.
>) The tree was cut by the man with an axe.
327. On,upon.On is often used in speaking of things at rest;
upon is generally used in speaking of things in motion;
as,
>) We sat on the ground.
>) The cat sprang upon the table.
328. In,Into.In implies a state of rest or position inside anything ;while into denotes
motion towards the inside of anything;as,
>) He is in his room.He is in the class. (Rest)
>) He fell into the river. (Motion)
>) He jumped into the well. (motion)
329. In ,within.In denotes 'at the end of some future period';within means
'before the end of';as,
>) He will return in[=at the close of] a week.
>) He will return within [=in less than] a week.
330. After,in.After is used to dentote at the end of a period of time in the past;
while in is used to denote at the end of a period of time in the future;as,
>) She came after a week[=when the week was over]. (Past)
>) She wil come in a week [=when the week is over]. (future)
331. Since,for.Since is used to denote a point of time in the past;for is used to
denote a period of time in the present ,past or future;as,
>) He has been sleeping since 6 o'clock.(Point)
>) He has been sleeping for the last four hours.(Period)
NOTE:--We cannot say---'He has been sleeping since four hours'.
332.*) Since,from. Since is used to denote a point of time and comes after a Verb
in the Present Perfect Tense,while from may be used with any form of tense.
*)Another difference is that since can be used only in reference to past time,
whereas from can be used also for present and future time.
>) I have not met her since last week.
>) He has been ill since Friday last.
>) I have been unwell since Monday.
>) He began learning Sanskrit from the age of five.(Past)
>) He begins school from today.(Present)
>) He will become a regular student from tomorrow.(Future)
333. Before,for.Before is used in Negative and Affirmative sentences alike to
denote a point of future time.For is used with Negative sentences to
denote a period of future time.
>) I shall not be there for (not before) an hour.
>) I shall be there before 6 o'clock. (Affirmative)
>) I shall not be there before 6 o'clock. (Negative)
334. Between,among. Between is used in speaking of two persons or things;
among refers to more than two persons or things;as,
>) He stood between two girls.
>) A quarrel arose between two sisters.
>) Slavery still exists among certain tribes.
>) The brave soldiers quarrelled among themselves.
>) There is said to be honour among thieves.
335. Beside, besides.beside means by the side of;besides means in addition to;as,
>) Sha sat beside me [=by my side].
>) His answer is beside [=outside of] the point.
>) Besides[=in addition to] advising her he helped her with money.
>) Besides being fined,he was imprisoned.
336. Phrase Prepositions.Study the following Phrase Prepositions which are
often used as single Prepositions :--
*) according to *) in addition to *) in place of
*) along with *) on behalf of *) in regard to
*) away from *) in case of *) in spite of
*) because of *) in comparison with *) instead of
*) by dint of *) in compliance with *) in the event of
*) by means of *) in consequence of *) in view of
*) by reason of *) in course of *) on account of
*) by virtue of *) in favour of *) owing to
*) by way of *) in front of *) with a view to
*) for the sake of *) in lieu of *) with an eye to
*) in accordance with *) in order to *) with regard to
>) He will be punished according to the seriousness of his crime.
>) He came along with his sister to meet us.
>) Keep the baby away from the fire.
>) He failed in the examination because of his laziness.
>) He won the first prize by dint of hard work.
>) He escaped by means of a rope.
>) He was excused by reason of his old age.
>) He claimed a pension by virtue of his long military service.
>) By way of introduction,he told a funny tale on the students.
>) We must be patient for the sake of peace.
>) We have acted in accordance with your wishes.
>) He gets an honorarium of Rs. 1,000 per month in addition to pension.
>) He thanked the speaker on behalf of the staff.
>) In case of need,send for the doctor.
>) The tallest buildings in India are small in comparison with the
skyscrapers of New York.
>) We have compromised in compliance with your wishes.
>) In consequence of his illness he could not attend the meeting.
>) In course of time, he saw his mistake.
>) He retired in favour of his son.
>) He fell on his face in front of a car.
>) He accepted a gratuity of Rs. 2,00,000 in lieu of pension.
>) In order to avoid litigation,he accepted Rs. 4,00,000 in full and final
settlement of his claim to property.
>) Shall we have fish in place of meat today?
>) What have you to say in regard to his misbehaviour?
>) He persevered in spite of difficulties.
>) I will go instead of her.
>) In the event of your death,the whole amount of insurance will be paid
to your wife.
>) On account of his negligence,his business failed.
>) Owing to his ill health,he retired from service.
>) He produces a document with a view to proving his innocence.
>) In view of the facts,it seemed useless to continue.
>) With an eye to business,he put up a sign above his stop.
>) With reference to yoru letter,we send you our latest catalogue.
>) WIth regard to his conduct,I have nothing to say.
*) CORRECT USAGE
337. The following sentences illustarte common errors in the use of Prepositions:--
Incorrect :- He is the boy I was looking
Correct :- He is the boy I was looking for.
Incorrect :- They ran in the garden.
Correct :- They ran into the garden.
Incorrect :- He picked up a quarrel with me.
Correct :- He picked a quarrel with me.
Incorrect :- The train stops to pick passengers.
Correct :-The train stops to pick up passengers.
Incorrect :- I ordered for a new watch.
Correct :- I ordered a new watch.
Incorrect :- The sun will not rise before an hour
Correct :- The sun will not rise for an hour.
Incorrect :- I have been ill since ten days.
Correct :- I have been ill for ten days.
Incorrect :- I have not seen her from a long time.
Correct :- I have not seen her for a long time.
Incorrect :- She resembles closely to her mother
Correct :- She resembles her mother closely.
Incorrect :- He went for seeing his parents.
Correct :-He went to see his parents.
Incorrect :- He desires for educating himself.
Correct :- He desires to educate himself.
Incorrect :-. He insisted to do it.
Correct :- He insisted upon doing it.
Incorrect :- A waiter waits for the guests.
Correct :- A waiter waits on the guests.
Incorrect :- We shall wait you.
Correct :- We shall wait for you.
Incorrect :- Compare Mohan's notes to yours.
Correct :- Compare Mohan's notes with yours.
Incorrect :-A beautiful girl can be compared with a rose
Correct :- A beautiful girl can be compared to a rose.
Incorrect :- She parted with her children.
Correct :- She parted from her children.
Incorrect :- It is hard for us to part from money
Correct :- It is hard for us to part with money.
Incorrect :- He killed two birds in one shot.
Correct :- He killed two birds with one shot.
Incorrect :- We searched the lost child everywhere.
Correct :- We searched for the lost child everywhere.
Incorrect :- Please explain me what this means.
Correct :- Please explain to me what this.
Incorrect :- Are you being attended,sir?
Correct :- Are you being attended to,sir?
Incorrect :- Open your book on page 90.
Correct :- Open your book at page 90.
Incorrect :- I left my bedding on the station.
Correct :- I left my bedding at the station.
Incorrect :- What is he talking?
Correct :- What is he talking about?
Exercise 95. Fill up the blanks with suitable Prepositions given in brackets :--
1.( By, with.)
>) He was struck-------his enemies------a heavy stick.The tiger was killed-----
the hunter------a gun.He killed her-----a sword.
2. (At,in.)
>) He lives-----Ramnagar but I often see him-----Calcutta.HE is staying------
Pauri, a small village------Uttar Pradesh.He was born-----Italy-----rome.
The king is passing his summer-----Nainital------Uttar Pradesh.
3. (In,into.)
>) Come------the garden,beloved .She fell-------the river.Let us go and bathe---
the pond.She rushed------the room expecting to find her husband-----it.
4. (Between,among.)
>) The two brothers quarrelled-----themselves.My house lies-----yours and his.
The sea lies-----France and England.Wireless telegraphy is-----the most
remarkable of modern inventions.This custom still exists------certain tribes.
5. (Since,ago,for.)
>) It has been raining------yesterday.----last month the weather has improved.
He came three weeks-------.'A year-----I was not born',said the lamb.He has
lived in Bombay-----many years.I have not seen her-----a long time.I have
been ill ------- last Monday.
6. (Beside,besides.)
>) She came and sat-----me.-----this horse he has two others.I do not want
to go to the cinema;------,it is too late.-----giving medicine,he gave her
food also.Your answer is----the question.He walked-----his father.
7. (Since, from.)
>) I have been here---last April.I have been unwell-----Saturday.He stayed here
-----Sunday to Thursday.He begins work----Tuesday.I have been ill-------last
Monday.He has been working-----Friday.He will begin school--------the
beginning of April.
Exercise 96. Write in brackets the number of the correct Preposition that can be
used in the following :---
1. These three men quarrelled (1. among 2. between) themselves. [ ]
2. (1.Beside 2. Besides) children ,women were present. [ ]
3. Ten scholarships were competed (1.for 2. with 3. about) [ ]
4. He has been studying English (1. for 2. from 3.since) three years.[ ]
5. It has been raining (1. since 2. from 3.for ) three o'clock. [ ]
6. We have lived in Delhi (1.Since 2.from 3.for) ten years. [ ]
7. His name was struck (1.of 2.off 3.from) the rolls. [ ]
8. I have cut my finger(1.by 2.with 3.from) my knife. [ ]
9. I met her (1.at 2.on 3.in) the station. [ ]
10. He will start (1.at 2.on 3.from) six o'clock. [ ]
Exercise 97. Use appropriate Prepositions,given in brackets ,in the following
sentences :--
1. He was placed (betweem,among) two girls.
2. She comes(of,from) a noble family.
3. The soldiers marched(in,into) the courtyard.
4. He was standing(among,between) his subordinates.
5. He is true(to,with) his friends.
6. He was struck(with,by) a stone.
7. I differ(with,from) you on that point.
8. That edition is very different (to,from) the other.
9. He is not suitable(to,for) this post.
10. She was struck (with,by) lightning.
11. I am sick(with,of) idleness.
12. He congratulated me(for,on) my success.
13. Health is preferable(to,than) wealth.
14. Your statement does not correspond (with,to) his.
15. (Beside,Besides) advising us,he gave us money.
16. The train is(behind,after) time.
17. He is not (at,in) home just now.
18. Distribute te mangoes(among,between) the students.
19. Do not translate word (by,for) word.
20. (From,of) what family is she sprung?
21. What is the time (in,by) your watch?
22. Your method is different(than,from) mine.
23. I have no use(of,for) it.
24. They are very proud (of,about) their wealth.
25. The train is(in,on) time.
26. We had to write the paper(in,with) ink.
27. Open your book(at,on) page twelve.
28. We must inquire(into,about) the matter.
29. Someone is knocking (at,on) the door.
30. He is married(to,with) his cousin.
Dip
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